content
- outdoor work: a method of open
- The objectives of free work
- What rules does free work?
- Does the individual work something like music?
- What are the advantages of free labor?
- Are there any disadvantages of free work?
- Conditions and organization of free labor
- bibliography
- Related Links
- Fix and ready made materials for outdoor work can be found
free work: a method of open
The open work is a diverse learning and teaching method and is one of the project such as teaching or the weekly planning to the concepts of open education. Free labor is not a separate subject, but a form of teaching and learning that focus on the self-determined, self-directed learning content. It is usually in specific integrated phases of time reserved for it in the regular education and are mostly also involved in several subjects, strengthened their content, depth and should be pursued in its own interest further.
free work based on the man and the concepts of Progressive education and developed UMD out of the century from the intention of finding new forms of teaching for a child-oriented teaching.
Historically, independent work and two roots: first, the
Since Freinet - a classic, reform-pedagogical approach. Some approaches to reading acquisition, the open design Nets have developed are for the free labor, as we know it today, was also generated momentum.
The second source of free work can be seen in those teaching method Maria Montessori (1870-1952) developed. She was a physician and professor of anthropology and education in Italy, is the best-known reform teacher and is considered a classic representative of the free labor concept.
For Free Montessori work was the basic minimum, with all forms of learning, because the different abilities and interests of students by reaching individualization in the most specific equivalent.
your approach to outdoor work has established itself as the Montessori method of education.
the heart of all modern concepts of free work is the core objective, the learners a great degree of self-determination and empowerment grant. The
to give him his personal space, in which he can make his own individual learning processes independently.
The different approaches of today's independent work based on the recognition that each person has his own individual way of learning things, and therefore to lead self-directed learning processes not only to higher learning growth, but also all around better social behavior.
Because: "The freedom of choice leads to the development of personality," postulated Montessori. And the formation of the total personality of a child is the primary educational goal.
are using this message to the reform of teachers already Beginning of the 20th Century against the indebtedness of learning started in the empire. Under the Nazis lost the concept of free labor its meaning. It was only after the second world war in the 60s and 70s of the 20th Century revived.
free work was initially introduced was still largely in private schools in pure Montessori, Freinet or Jena-Plan-classes . But in the following according to the Pisa depression optimism educational reform ideas are gaining an increasing state schools from the different approaches and ideas, often their own individual Free working concepts for open development. (Many of them have in the school compound "look over the fence" together.)
The objectives of free work
Allen progressive educational approaches have in common the central idea that teaches the students for not learning the material, but for its own development's sake. Montessori speaks of the child "creator of his own" and "architect of his life" and is constantly working on the development of his personality. Drive and motivation are here pure curiosity, divergent individual interests and needs of the people in your Egenschaft as social beings have in common.
main objective of the outdoor work is therefore to promote means of self-responsible learning and social interaction, the development of the whole person. Teachers are to help each child to find its own way and to go to succeed.
the place or the space in the development CARRIED, this is the so-called "Maria Montessori" prepared environment ". It is the framework in which educational processes desired by appropriately designed teaching materials will be triggered. In the sophisticated design of this Montessori environment is because after one of the main tasks of the teacher. be because in order to encourage desirable educational developments, it must be a conscious learning environment and set up very sorgfätig. Usually this includes "prepared environment" includes not only the classroom, but extends throughout the school grounds. It is intended as a living, learning and development space, a learning environment that is customized with its spatial layout, colors and shapes, their furniture and offer learning materials to individual interests, learning basic situation of children and their everyday lives.
The "prepared environment" is a kind of training ground to think, as a sophisticated adventure playground, must be strengthened at the during the free work in a playful manner the following competencies of children (see Burman, 2010):
social skills
- Team capacity
- communication skills
- Decision
methodological skills
- How do I process information?
- Development of learning strategies
- problem identification
- take responsibility
- conflict resolution
- solutions are
expertise
- to strengthen knowledge
- critical examination of the results
- knowledge / skills to apply
personal skills
- Wishes / needs expressed
- strengths and weaknesses
- feeling / thought / action
- tastes / talents live
The work materials images this "prepared environment" are not visual aids used for the teacher to explain. They are much more experimental material, the children discover the trading and use for their independent work .
within the material supply, the children can choose freely desired tasks. The material can have regard to class or go beyond this. It can serve the strengthening and deepening of known content and motivate the children to explore them to unknown areas of learning in creative ways. The children get the necessary materials for it and work with them on a job of their own choosing. Every child determines his own individual learning pace and whether in single, wants to learn partner or group work.
children who can not yet work completely independently, are allocated specific tasks. Or will it be together worked out with them, what tasks could be of interest to them and how they would work best.
All students are to discover their individual learning needs and follow them in their own way may.
The open work permits in this way, differentiation and individualization regarding interests, learning pace, learning style and learning situations of the learners.
you while promoting an independent, responsible and this focused and goal-oriented learning. J every child here, designed by and by his own individual learning biography.
The "prepared environment" is not only the spatial design and the provision of learning materials for activities, but also a possible stimulating social environment.
for their development and to develop their social skills requires the child of the other children and teachers. The learning incentive is heterogeneous groups - different characters and ages - incredibly strengthened! Therefore remain in many institutions during the free work the doors the different learning spaces open or there are generally vintage mixed groups of students.
In the free work is not primarily the teacher for planning and decision-making responsibility. She takes over here but the role of a consultative guidance, the students into the handling is the learning materials, observe them carefully, as necessary, to provide support, advise, encourage and encourage.
Hierarchical structures in the teacher-learner relationship can zumundest by these roles in the ideal case, in part, be resolved. Maria Montessori puts it: "The teacher must be passive, so the child can be active."
Mangelt However, the children of initiative, concentration or effort readiness, the influential teacher taking the right way.
teachers should teach their children to Montessori as well as "guardians of order," the value of care, a sense of order and discipline to give them the feeling of happiness and to allow under-won effort learning success.
should strengthen, not least the student teachers experiences with yourself and allow other made within a community and in her self-esteem.
Does the individual work something like music?
Even in open forms of education it is very important for a child that gets it in some way confirmation of his work.
"Every student and every student has the right to recognition of individual student progress. The observation, identification and evaluation of learning outcomes for them to meet the educational function of the confirmation and encouragement of self-assessment and learning correction "(Decree" Working in primary schools ", 6.1 Individual Learning Development).
For teachers, in turn, it is important to know what the child has developed independently to the development of to monitor and evaluate.
Therefore, the work should be recorded and that the child himself for the documentation, there are several child-appropriate ways. For which of these forms of organization, the teacher chooses depends on individual preferences.
Often children have the so-called docket for the different materials. These are lists in which they record what they have done, and they can be stamped with the teacher. Or
every child has simply a folder or your own folder where it abheftet his finished work.
Another type of documentation is the conversation or the discussion group after the outdoor work. Here the children can share their achievements in the last hour.
is important that it should go in documenting more of an individual guidance for the next learning steps.
For each assessment of the performance levels of children will teachers detailed observation forms, covering all learning areas and the core subjects at primary school according to the respective school law of the state and broken down into individual learning steps.
These detailed observations are the basis for the oral feedback that children and parents in regularly held meetings be given. They also allocated one written in the feedback on the development processes of children (so-called "progress reports") that may be drawn at the end of each school year. By the end of the fourth school year the children's achievements are usually expressed without notes with informative assessments. These can be converted into numerical grades if necessary (eg change of school).
What are the advantages of free labor?
free work as a method based on the assumption that children learn and do to do so independently. If self-directed learning as construction of And knowledge is understood not as self-determined transfer of knowledge from one person to another, then independent work and in particular the independence of learning and their choice of learning objects and learning, etc..
In this active, being active interests led the children learn to make their own decisions, be more active and independent and to fulfill themselves.
The free choice of tasks and self-determination of one's own learning pace - the individual works, the open work permits - reduces the risk of an equal-step instruction, under or over exposure of the learners. Increased individualization and internal differentiation is possible. In
discover their individual learning process the students as to which information, knowledge resources, learning materials, etc. are missing them to address their task and contact it already you've learned again.
you learn not so linear, but oscillating or orbiting.
with free work also contributes to personality development: Children discover their own solutions, learn their abilities to realistically plan their work independently, organize time and divide. Skills such as independence, decisiveness, personal responsibility, the estimating their own abilities and the reflection the consequences of their actions here are practiced extensively.
free work creates favorable conditions for individualization and differentiation and allows the teacher at the same time more room for observation.
you is particularly suitable for teaching situations with heterogeneous learning groups with students different needs.
teachers who rely on free labor, are convinced that students who deal in their individual way with the subject matter:
- active learning
- interested and attentive learning
- lessons learned and facts to keep better
- a total of a higher learning gain
by the automatic engagement achieve their learning environment for children more independent, learn to plan for themselves, find solutions, to take responsibility and without a teacher to be active - their personalities develop comprehensive
.
be the way to achieving the ability to rules and procedures, consideration, confidence, honesty and ability to critique their own work towards cooperative behavior as well as trained and strengthened. What rules does free work?
Children often lead to very different tasks from each other. The didactic material presented
appeal to different sensory qualities and allows you to work in various social forms. Free work thus takes into account both cognitive, instrumental, emotional and social aspects.
Are there disadvantages of the free work?
There is probably less of the inherent disadvantages of free work, but rather very real dangers of their improper implementation of the Open class. Free labor is a challenging Form of teaching, the success to teachers and children alike challenging. Therefore, it requires thorough preparation and introduction by the teachers. Otherwise, the outdoor work not meet their claims.
The method of outdoor work aims to help students to independent learning will leave by drawing on the management of learning processes in their own hands.
The school system in Germany is currently educates children to an individual fighters rather than about team spirit and group work encouraged.
Stay cooperation and mutual support untrained, the free work in a learning environment with a multi-faceted learning opportunities not be successful.
to be able to work, must have common rules of procedure to be found and agreed, that the organizational independence is guaranteed.
Initially the children often lack the necessary conditions for independent work such as working techniques, learning strategies and knowledge of inspection and correction facilities. The learning process but falls to chaos, if the competence can be trained to work independently and not to cooperate!
free work therefore requires a slow and well-conducted introduction to the learner, but also the teachers, with their new responsibility to not overwhelm.
actions to ensure the success of free labor:
- restrict learning opportunities, initially on a few materials = make decision easier
- give a clear message that it does not matter as quickly as possible to work through as many equipment = stamina and concentration on self-selected workload allow
- emphasizing the value of intensive cooperation = collusion, agreement, cooperative learning, promote any emphasis on the "experts" principle: for some materials there are experts among the children that were specifically introduced into the task and uncertainties of their classmates may be asked for advice.
- open access for all materials, clear, straightforward structure of the prepared learning environment, clear identification of subject areas, tasks and levels of difficulty = the environment remains manageable even for young children, effortless looser orientation, increased motivation, independent working is possible
- Design of the material : tasks tailored to the student performance, self-control, clearly understandable, easy to use * develop new learning steps only in the classroom and then practice until the independent work and reinforce
- Emphasize that it completely legal is to avoid making mistakes = cheating, promote fun at work and allow the joy of having accomplished something on their own or created. (To complicate the approach to self-control, it facilitates fast waning learners, go your own way to independently to result.)
conditions and organization of free labor
The space takes place in the independent work must be a prepared environment in which learning opportunities are accessible.
It is important that the classroom is not only learning and working environment, but also a space where children feel comfortable with themselves and which they identify as "their" space. This increases the willingness and interest in learning.
found during the free work place in a study room at the same time completely under squinting up activities. The room should therefore from the outset - for example, room dividers - are divided into different zones:
craft and exhibition space
experiment chamber music field
Reading Room ...
plays a special role to position the material, and its clear layout and good accessibility for all children.
meantime, the work will open a permanent place in the schedule and if possible daily and to be agreed (Conduct) Rules . Held
In order for this method requires fixed rules. The teacher must make arrangements for the establishment and adherence to "rules" in dealing with each other and with the material of concern.
Elementary principles to be observed each child must include:
The material is brought back more of the child that it has brought to the space allotted.
is a work that has begun to be possible complete before a new one is begun. A long-term work can be interrupted and terminated on the following days.
The workplace is cleaned up after a completed work.
No person shall be disturbed in his work.
Neither the children nor Lehkraft to shout or otherwise make noise.
a child needs help, it first asks the other children. Only then it will ask the teacher to Umterstützung.
The children are asked to decide whom they work, but it should bother anybody. You may not take any material from the cupboards have to admit it but back to the place. You may specify the order of their tasks independently. At a certain point, however, all previously envisaged Tasks to be done.
is the intended and documented daily work already done and, if presented to the entire study group. reach
To the declared objectives of this method can, careful preparation in terms of production and provision of free study materials, their content, the design of the classroom and a cooperative attitude in the College and the openness of the parents absolutely necessary!
A continuous and reliable cooperation between the teachers and the parents is in the interest of the children of special Importance.
Even before the enrollment of information evenings to the principles of free work presented and the particular mode of operation will be explained.
The "Prepared learning environment" in the classroom to know more detail and an explanation of the actual teaching work and the materials could help allay their reservations with parents.
to give the parents an insight into the school work and incorporate them where possible into the school day also has the advantage that parents can support teachers by arrangement in the free labor. This is also serves as the opening of the school to the outside.
conditions and organization of free labor
The material (eg learning files, clip cards, dominoes, etc.) is regarded as a key element of the outdoor work. Only suitable material stimulates the children and allows to work independently through self-control.
Suitable material is, it Mimics a study group - in primary school so children is under - and their stage of development is adapted. Ideally, the materials build on each other and thus enable a continuous learning process.
An independent development of learning content and the independent examination of them by the materials should not only allows, but on a challenging character is essential to be excited.
It must correspond to the learning resources at the same time the curricular requirements of the federal states.
Free Materials can be offered in different organizational forms: there are materials for the open work area, learning at stations or learning circles, educational stores, educational workshops ... is manufactured by
the material at the best of cardboard - the better durability and multiple Use with marker pens because they should be laminated.
It is also important that the difficulty is for all children to understand, and manage change.
order to promote interest and curiosity, however, it is important that the material incentives and game apparatus, and visual appeal.
represents the views of the social treatment is also an important factor that stimulates the material to cooperate. to keep
overview of the entire material, it is Freinet in primary school a lot of sense from the start a subdivision in the areas referred to, designing, reading, writing, mathematics, social studies and make games. In all the film quality and shape it is primarily a self-controlled and acting jobs.
material examples from the primary school: Assign each card
interpret figures and basic shapes
clip cards
Dominos
cards for settling bar
literacy puzzle
Bingo
computational experiments
wish
Games Skill Games ...
A typical operating cycle of the free work includes several phases:
Initially, the child chooses a job and takes to prepare all necessary materials in place, which it has chosen to work.
This may just as an introduction to the free work a preliminary with the teacher may be necessary, in which the basic principles and concrete working rules of free work to be refreshed again and again, and the child is supported in his decision-making process, what, where and with whom would like to work there.
Then, the phase of the depression following the work. It may be on the child of varying intensity and endurance. Here the child to the "polarization of attention" to come.
The last phase is that of peace, in which the child keeps looking back on the work done, they documented and are able to exchange it with the teacher or other children about his experiences and insights. This helps to ensure that children are de their learning experiences are still conscious. Also, any problems encountered can be discussed in this phase.
Depending on the design phase of this exercise the children here to care for the work of others to listen and also to present their own work and to verbalize. The realistic evaluation and assessment of his own person is trained here regularly.
links with background information and reading lists:
- http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freiarbeit
- http://www.sonderpaed-online.de/unter/freia/freia.htm
- http : / / methodenpool.uni-koeln.de/freiarbeit/freiarbeit_quellen.html
- http://bildungsserver.berlin-brandenburg.de/2836.html
- http://www.emg-stuttgart .com / html / freiarbeit.html
free study materials for the elementary school:
- is extensive material for outdoor work, visit www.wunderwelten.net
bibliography on the topic of free work
list of references (click)
